Martin Luther King Jr: A Biography

Martin Luther baron Jr A BiographyMartin Luther major power jr.IntroductionMartin Luther potiness leader subordinate was an American national, a protestant Christian by religion. He was a complaisant Rights effectivist, Baptist minister who direct the various American-African civil decents feats. He beatd most of his purport for the elimination of segregations of grislys and uninfecteds in America. He was educated and had doctorate storey in systematic theology. He remained the Pastor of Baptist church in capital of Alabama Alabama city. He was withal member of executive committee of the national association, which worked for the Betterment of people of America. He was overly nominated as low gear chair in southern Christian leadership conference for an formation who were suppose to provide leadership for Civil pays attempts. The index excessively direct the first non-violent demonstration bus boycott in United States. During his peel, he spoke over 2500 1hundred time against injustice and Deprivation of fond rights. He also presented the homosexualifesto of a Negros revolution through his latter(prenominal) letter from Birmingham jail2 later on with a name and address, I hasten a dream. He also wrote five books and several(prenominal) articles. obscure from this, he honored with 50 honorary stages. Furthermore, he was the youngest man to throw the noble peace prize. (ne 2rk 1964) He also titled as man of Year3 In 1963. He exhibited with fifteen awards such as presidential decoration of Freedom, Congressional G disused4 medal and Grammy hall 5of fame award. During his struggle, he was imprisoned for Twenty times. He was assassinated in the age of 39 yrs. (carson, 1992) BackgroundFamilyMartin Luther index Junior was born in Atlanta on 15th of January 1968. He was the put child of iii children of his father. in front on, his name was Michael however it was channeld later on as Martin. His father name was Martin Luther dandy power senior. His grandfathers name was James Albert force and he was a sharecropper in Stockbridge town of Georgia. His father travel on to Atlanta in the age of sixteen. There he got his pedagogy and established Himself as a preacher. He served as a Baptist6 in two churches of Atlanta. Her mother name was Alberta Christine Williams. She graduated from Spellman College Atlanta. Martin siblings were Alfred Daniel fairy and a babe named Willie Christine. abilitys wife was Coretta Scott who was Born in Hamburger on 27 April 1927. Who were a singer and musician in a local inculcate in Boston. Both got married on 18 June 1952 in Marion, Alabama city. They had tetrad children, Two daughters and two sons.ChildhoodMartin Luther King had a pure boorish prickleground. His grandfather remained rural minister for several yrs. Than he migrated to Atlanta in 1893. He died in 1931 with heart attack. Kings Father was the wholly surviving child of his parents. Martin Luther King was born in Atlanta, in the shape up of five years he got admission in frequent naturalize Atlanta. In May 1936 he was baptized. in 1941 when King was twelve year old when her grandmother Also died with heart attack. It was tragic youngs for him. He lost his temperament and jumped From the window of his family house for a suicide attempt. a couple of(prenominal) incidents happen in his early Age that laid a neat impact on the idiosyncratic behaviors towards white people. (carson 1992) In the age of three years, thither was a white playmate. when he was six year old his father Demanded to quit off playing together. This incident brought a great shock. when he asked his Parents about this happening there he was made cognisant first time about the race problem. When He was eight year old another incident happen, he was slapped by a white woman just for Stepping her foot unintentionally. King joined Booker T high school in Washington. He skipped ninth and eleventh grades and entered into the Morehouse College in Atlanta. Another miserable incident of life happened in Kings life. when he was sixteen year after(prenominal) arriving back from winning a debate contest in capital of Ireland7. He along his teacher Mrs. Bradley8 stood up in the bus for almost ninety miles all the way from Dublin to Atlanta. This was angriest moment ever been for him. Though he belonged to a typical phantasmal family who were suppose to involve in church and worship excessively and King have bit contradictory views. Martin disregarded the excessive bring out of emotions in sacred worships. This discomfort remained with him through his Adolescence phase. During the early years of his ministry, he took the guiding classes of Bible for The filtration of ideas towards religion.CareerAcademic careerMartin Luther King started of his introducement career from macrocosm school Georgia. This was purely a Black segregate institute9. After completing his high school education, in September 1944 the King in the age of fifteen got admission in Morehouse college Atlanta. where he got Bachelors degree of arts in sociology in the year June 1948. in the same year he Joined crozer theological seminary Pennsylvania and remained there for three years. (carson 1992) He got the degree of bachelors Divinity in 1951. during his stay in crozer he was elect president for white senior class. This provided him an opportunity to complete the doctorate degree. and so he joined Boston Universitys school of Theology and got the doctorate degree in Systematic theology in the year 1955.Earlier careerKing started his professional career in 1954 during the ending issue of his doctorate degree. He Got offers from various colleges for respectable and authoritative posts but recognised the offer From Dexter church and started serving there as a pastor of Baptist church of Montgomery10. On 25 August 1955, he was prescribed as president of National Association for the Advancement of Colored large number NAACP 11executive committee.Rise to prominenceIn United States black -white racial dis correspond was predominately existed in that era. Blacks were segregated and deprived societally, economically as well as morally. Negros were not Allow To go in public parks, theatres, and schools of white people. For travelling, there was a specific way, as Negros was supposed to sit on the back seats either stand. There happened an incident when a girl violated the law by refusing to give the seat to a white man. On 1 December 1955 Mrs. Rosa park12 another black woman refused to hold the seat and she was arrested. which led the beginning of Montgomery boycott13 (History wired 1994) bearment. On that night local civil right leaders and Martin Luther, King planed to have think to have citywide boycott of buses and transports. The King was nominated to lead the bus boycott movement because of exceptional intellect and strong family connection. He delivered a speech in which he motivated the agenda of Negroes and he claimed the dovish protest is the only way to secure their legitimacy. He led the movement in a very sensible which also gave the civil right movement of Alabama City a new source of ardor and execution. The bus boycott remained for 382 days. During This duration Negroes faced multi issues of forcefulness and harassment. King also took legal action Against the unconstitutional act of law. The higher authorities suffered with great financial loss and they lifted the segregated law for transportation. this victory earn a great prominence for the King Junior to emerge as leader.Social ContributionsAfter the successful bus boycott movement, the leaders of civil rights movement felt the requirement an musical arrangement at national direct to ensure the representation of their rights security. For that bearing, Martin Luther King and his close friend Ralph Abernathy 14with the collaboration of several ministers formulated SCLC15. t he organization create 20 meetings in the southern cities for the adaption of black voters. (Pipes cc7) King personally held meetings with religious and civil rights leaders to argue the Negroes discrimination issues. In 1959 King also visited India because he was inspired by Gandhis non-violent movement. that visit motivated him and he became even more find for the preservation of civil rights. In 1960 another movement started in Greensboro, cognize as sit in Movement led my African American students. The movement rapidly spread in other cities as well. Martin Luther King motivated the students To carry on the movement in a inactive manner. Under the guidelines of King, the sit-ins Achieved success in finishing the segregation at dejeuner counters for more than 25 cities. In 1960 King joined his father as co-poster at Ebenezer Baptist church but he also carried on his efforts for the struggle of civil rights. The Birmingham campaign on endorsement of April 1963 ACHR16 and SC LC under the leadership of Martin Luther King started a protest known as Birmingham campaign. During this campaign the King started mobilizing the Negroes community in more determined way. He met with various Businesspersons, professionals religious and social activists. He also held a meeting with 200 leaders and briefed them about the objectives of this campaign. (Pipes 2007) On 28 August 1963, two one million million people gathered at Lincoln memorial. The King delivered the Famous speech I have a dream17 on this occasion and evince the view of all men unity. In Response civil rights act 1964 was passed. Under this act the government laid emphasis on desegregation of accommodations and public facilities. attest on WashingtonDuring Birmingham campaign the King was propel into the jail. When he was released from jail, he held another civil Right March from Selma to Alabama. However, this promenade turned into violent. this incident is known as bloody Sunday18. (MichaelHyatt 1998) The second march was cancelled due to security issues. Third march was held on ninth of March 1965 in which 2500 people both white and Black confronted against each other. However, this confrontation resulted into the loss of political support for King but it eventually provided a platform for the approval of voting right acts of 1965. gelt campaignIn 1967 King started expending his civil rights movement in other American cities such as Los Angeles and Chicago. He addressed a rally organized by important Committee for Conscientious Objectors CCCO 19. In his speech he announced The Chicago campaign. in July King led freedom Sunday 20rally. The purpose of rally was to Make Chicago blossom forth city21. Once gain violence accrued during this rally. as a result few violent whites attacked on the march. The King held summit agreement with Mayor and other prominent leaders of Chicago to sort imbibe the issue. (Pipes 2007)Poor people campaignIn 1967 the King planned to change the mechanism of economic and wealth distribution. However, The Southern Christian Leadership group (SCLC) did not support it. He launched the poor peoples campaign. The purpose was to secure the jobs and income of the Negros.. He spoke to the workers in the Memphis but violence also disturbed the campaign.Role in politics and state policiesMartin Luther King openly opposed the American policies towards Vietnam. He declared war as inequitable decision and it cannot win by any mean. He laid stress towards peaceful negotiations. Furthermore, he explained that this war have weekend the American parsimony as well as had Negative impacts on the civil right movements. King had very good relations with john F Kennedy22. During his presidential elections campaign in 1960 King supported him and urged the Negroes community to support him. With the avail of Kennedy, King purposed civil rights bill in congress. However, Eisenhower23 was against Martin Luther Kings policy about the racial inequa lity but he accepted the two bills in 1957 and 1960. (History wired 1994).character assassinationKings assassination was a controversial one. King visited Memphis where he addressed to a Rally at Mason temple24. On 4 April 1968, his flight delayed due to a bomb threat in his flight so He favourite(a) to stay there. King stayed at Lorraine Motel. in the evening he was gunned subject while he was standing in the Balcony of second floor. King was shifted to the infirmary but he was expired. He was 39 year old at the time of assassination. Two months after the assassination of King, James Earl Ray25 captured at Heathrow airport. He was charged with Kings gain and he accepted the murder charge but he rejected it after three Days. He further nominated a person who was also involved in the assassination. This Contradiction led the assassination into a new controversy and it became a mystery until now.Personal achievementsMartin Luther King struggle earned him several achievements in his life. His efforts for the rights of Negroes made him a great leader. During his life, He honored with 50 honorary Degrees. King also awarded with noble peace prize, American liberties medallion in 1964. in America more than 700 hundred cities and streets are name after the King. King was stood 1st in a American contest organized by American multinational mass media corporation(AOL26. )King is also included in the list of hundred African- American great personalities. There is also public Holiday on his birthday in United States. (public commentry 1996)SignificanceMartin Luther King emerged as a significant character in the American history. His struggle for Civil and social rights earned him a dignifying status not only in United States but also completely crosswise the world. It is because of his efforts American people gathered at a uniform central office form by negating the factor of racial discrimination. The segregations and deprivation ended. The peaceful movement led by hi m uprooted the violence in United States. The condemnation against Vietnam War27 also enforced American administration to revise their policies towards the Vietnamese. Kings efforts provided a breakthrough to the Black has to participate in the social and political personal matters at grand level. Barack Obama, current American president is the first Afro-American president of the United States. Condoleezza Rice was Also African-American who remained secretary of the states during provide administration.CriticismMartin Luther King (Junior) was criticized for his civil right campaign and it was considered it provoKing violence28. The civil rights movements might endanger the whole society and community. (wendt 1966). In 1957, there was propaganda of a post card in which King was Accused of organism communist. King also got a letter in which his decency and religion was Questioned. the source declared it defected. there were allegations of cheating oh he wife and Involvement in se x scandals reported by FBI29.ConclusionMartin Luther King (Junior) was a great leader in the American history. He devoted his whole life For a divine cause of humanity. His struggle and determinations have provided a new Mechanism to the whole humanity. He raised his voice for Deprivation of rights, social injustice And peace. His remarkable contributions provided Americans a new way out to move on collectively as nation. His personal achievement depicts his intellectual effectiveness and moral credibility. He refused the acceptance of status quo. He acted in accord with his highest values. He always acknowledged the sacrifices of his followers. This spirit never allowed him to settle or compromise on his ideology He always emphasized that his state should negate three things war, poverty and Racism. He was a man of lecture who won the hearts of millions, though he is no More in the world but history will always remember his for what he had done for humanity. Bibliographycarson, c layborne. Auto Biogarphy of Martin luther King. Atlanta Abacus, 1992.History wired. March tuesday, 1994. http//historywired. si. edu/detail. cfm?ID=501.MichaelHyatt. MichaelHyatt. 1998. http//michaelhyatt. com/eight-leadership-lessons-from-martin-luther-King-jr. html.network, acquisition. teaching and learning with new york times. new york times, 1964 04.Pipes, Kasey S. IKES Final battle. los Angeles ,CA world Ahead media, 2007.public commentry. public commentry centre of justice, 1996 04.wendt, lloyed. Danger in displays. Augest 6, 1966 12.11 The autobiography of martin Luther King2 The Kings speech3 Times magazine article4 Highest civilian award of America5 Award of national academy of recordings of arts and sciences6 Christian religious belief, bathing the new born baby7 The angriest I ever been, times magazine article 19968 teacher of Martin Luther King ,public school9 Separate school for Blacks ,Atlanta,193010 Dexter Avenue ,King remained pastor11 National oldest and l argest civil right organization 1909.12 Civil right activist, known for Montgomery bus boycott13 push back By ROSA park ,civil movement 1,Dec 195514 Baptist Minister, Democratic party ,Friend of Martin Luther King JR15 Southern leadership conference, NGO 1957,civil rights16 American conviction Human Rights, civil rights activist 196017 Washington D. C 1963,Famous speech18 Protestors attacked by state troops,7 March 1965 Sunday19 Central committee for conscientious objectors,194820 Sunday 7 October 1967,Blacks voters fitting21 Military controls the city to maintain the peace22 35th American president 1961-196323 34th American president 1953-196024 Kings last speech, Central Headquarter Christian international sanctuary25 Alton born, known for Kings Assassination26 American multimedia mass corporation2728 Danger in Demonstration by Lloyd wendt 196629 The Federal Bureau of investigation ,United states intelligence Agency,

N. Fowleri Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention

N. Fowleri Diagnosis, Treatment and PreventionHistorical AspectNaegleria Fowleri (N. Fowleri ) is a free people living, thermophilic protozoon that is a human particularised pathogen that attacks the central nervous g overnance. It feces be institute in contaminated fresh urine sources. It enrolls by dint of the scent and travels to the brain ca use primary amoebous encephalomeningitis1. It was first observed in 1899 and afterward named after Dr. M. Fowler, who observed the first reported fatal fictitious characters of chills and fever pyogenic meningitis in Australia in 19652. While these transmittances confine been identified as early as the 19th century it is ch all in allenging to identify be arrange it mimics some(prenominal) of the symptoms of bacterial meningitis1.Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) is a necrotizing and hemorrhagic meningoencephalitis3. The symptoms take down 1-9 old age after the onset of transmission these symptoms embarrass fever, na engagementa, full pointache and vomiting. The sign symptoms mimic those of bacterial meningitis, the later symptoms be unique to this disease. Later symptoms complicate neck stiffness, hallucinations, seizures, an inability to focus, lack of balance and eventually coma and death. The fatality rate rate for this disease is 95%. The disease progresses quickly and leads to death inside 12 days of the initial infection1.While this infection has a high up mortality rate, it is genuinely r ar. in that respect take in been 300 reported cases of PAM widely distri provideded in the last 40 years4. It is important to note that this circumstanceed is often generation misdiag rolld so these numbers ar estimates. In the join States there hand been 138 cases in the last 50 years1. This infection was once a condition that plagued developing countries but the incidence is spreading all over the world. Researchers shady that the growthd temperatures collectable to global warming, ontogenyd use of public urine sources due to scarcity and an overall increase in aquatic amateurish activities argon to blame3,18.While swimming and former(a) aquatic recreational activities befriend proliferate this disease so do rituals. Aga Khan University in Pakistan detect an increased number of deaths ca apply by PAM in young males that had no storey of swimming, but were devout Muslims. Those who practice this faith pray five times a day and before every prayer, they perform ablution, ablution is the washing of the hands, face, ears, nose, mouth, coat of arms and feet. While cleansing the nose, pissing is forced up the nose displace individuals performing this practice with inadequately purified water at a great risk for PAM3. Religious festivals homogeneous the Kumbh Mela where Hindus gather and swim in the sort out river put those who participate at risk of developing diseases alike PAM slipd by N. Fowleri 3. In addition to religious practices, healthful in terventions like the Neti pot increase the risk of PAM. Nasal irrigation arrangings like the Neti pot work to relieve the symptoms of sinusitis and cold. It whole kit and caboodle by removing debris and mucus from the emaciated bone passages. The recommendation is that the water should be boiled or mixed with a non-ionized sodium chloride.Basic anatomical structureN. Fowleri ar a part of the free living amoeba that cause infections in the central nervous system. Some of the other protists atomic number 18 A notifythamoeba spp and Balamuthia mandrillas. Naegleria fowleri shake off been classified by modern techniques which analyze morphology, biochemical pathway and molecular phylogeny2. The modern approach classifies N. Fowleri as a part of the super group Excavata, in the group Heterolobosea and a part of the family Vahlkampfiidae. Although the genome for N. Fowleri is not yet correct there atomic number 18 some studies producing information about its molecular and in herited characteristics. N. Fowleri s genus includes more than 40 species, but N. Fowleri is the only one that is cognise to cause disease in humans. De Jonckheere created the most popular realisation system for N. Fowleri . The identification system uses genetic markers like internal transcribed spacers (ITS1) and 5.8S rDNA 2. This identification system fall uponed at least 8 different genotypes. The genotypes are outspread among different continents America (I,II,III), Europe (III,IV,V,VI,VIII), Oceania (V), and Asia (II,III). Of the octad genotypes only four invite been found in humans, types 1-42.Naegleria are a part of the group heteroloboseans that have a three-phased lifecycle. They are first amoeba, then flagellate and ultimately vesicle formation5. N. Fowleri reproduces in the amoeba form via binary fission to produce the vesicle and the flagellate forms. The entire booth cycle is 8 hours, N. Fowleri spends 28 proceeding in M phase, 180 minutes in G1, 183 minutes i n S phase, and 90 minutes in G22. In the amoeba form, the trophozoite ranges in size from 15-25 m. Trophozoites excessively have cytoplasmatic projections called food cups which concede phagocytosis of bacteria, yeast, erythrocytes and cellular waste. Trophozoites are the form of the amoeba that basin feed and divide, they are besides the form that enter the human server6.Trophozoites will transition into the flagellate tier after being exposed to a saline solution2. The flagellates cannot feed or divide, the transition in addition involves a change in shape from pleomorphic to pear shaped with a pair of flagella. The flagella have the typical 9+2 structure and are surrounded by a cytoplasmic membrane. The 9+2 flagella structure describes the cross- sectional arrangement of microtubules that make up the flagella. There are nine geminatet outer tubules and two central vest tubules7. The cyst form is resistant to most disinfection. The cyst formation is spherical, smooth, do uble walled and refractive. They measure about 20m. The material of the cyst wall is synthesized and package by the rough endoplasmic reticulum2.Route of Transmission N. Fowleri is a thermophilic amoeba, its optimal temperature ranges from 1150 to 1220 F. N. Fowleri can typically be found in warm freshwater like lakes and rivers, warm water from industrial parks, or inadequately chemically toughened water, other warm water sources like water heaters and soil. In their indwelling environment N.Fowleri phagocytize cyanobacteria and eubacteria to regulate levels.Samples from the lakes of the southern United States reveal that N. Fowleri introphozoite formis present during the summer. During the winter months N. Fowleri in cyst form survive in freshwater sources, but no form of N. Fowleri can withstand freeze temperatures1 .Most cases of PAM are caused by swimming in warm freshwater, from inebriation water, recreational activities, ritual abulation and sinus irrigation systems1. Infection occurs when water containing N. Fowleri gets into the nose. The amoeba enters the nose and travels along the olfactory nerve, through a bony family in the skull called the cribriform plate3. Once it reaches the brain it causes meningoencephalitis, cerebral edema and results in hernia. The olfactory bulbs and orbitofrontal cortices change by reversal necrotic and hemorrhagic. The data on both(prenominal) humans and mice support the shutdown that death is ultimately caused by increased intracranial pressure and herniation3. melted in water containing N. Fowleri increases the risk for PAM but age and sex are also risk factors. From the 1962- 2015 there have been 138 reported cases of PAM in the United States, 114 of the cases have been children around the age of 12. Nearly 75% of the infections have abnormal males1. Certain behaviors are associated with an increased risk of infection, those infected individuals reported combat-ready in water related activities like swi mming, diving and head dunking1. Although N. Fowleri can be transmitted through water it cannot be transmitted through aerosols or droplets, or via person to person contact. N. Fowleri can be found in other organs of the system, such as the heart, lung, spleen and thyroid1.PathogenesisN. Fowleri enter the human innkeeper through the nose which provides access to the brain. inwardly eight hours of infection N. Fowleri is present in the mucus layer of the olfactory epithelium. Within 24 hours N. Fowleri are in the olfactory bulb and present in the cribriform plate. By 96 hours neutrophil polymorphs cause a severe instigative response in the olfactory bulb which leads to brain tissue damage3. fulfil dependant mechanisms are N. Fowleri mediated pathogenic processes. The primary mechanism of pathogenesis in N. Fowleri is adhesion. Adhesion allows for movement and chemotaxis in the nasal mucosa and dish outs N. Fowleri with disease progression. Adhesins are expressed on the surface o f N. Fowleri, the adhesins are integrin like proteins surrounded by adhesion like structures. Fibronectin following protein, protein kinase C and NFa1 are important to interrupting the troops mediated cytotoxicity3. In an experiment testing cytopathicity of N. Fowleri, a culture would bind to Fibronectin and in the armorial bearing protein kinase C the ability of the amoeba to adhere increased8. N. Fowleri also produces Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) which damage the host cell. Following cell damage, N. Fowleri uses phagocytosis and amoebastomes to assist N. Fowleri in breaking down and consuming the cells through a crisscross structure on its surface. These processes are mediated via actin and involve the polymerization of monomeric G-actin and ropy F-actin. Studies have found that a membrane protein Mp2CL5 may also happen a role in pathogenicity, without this protein N.Fowleri are nonpathogenic3 .This protein is suspected to aid in pathogenicity by navigating the environment, and movement toward food sources9.In addition to contact pendant mechanisms of pathogenicity, N.Fowleri also utilizes contact independent mechanisms. N-PFP is a cytolytic pore forming protein that depolarizes the cell membrane and decreases the integrity. Naegleriapores A and B are pore forming polypeptides that are very similar in structure and function. Both are antimicrobial and cytolytic polypeptides3. The enzymes phospholipase A, A 2 and C are present in longanimouss with PAM. Phospholipases are responsible for the demyelination of white matter. Sphingomyelinase, neuroaminidase, elastase and proteolytic enzymes are responsible for demyelinating nerve tissue. N. Fowleri are hemolytic due to the heat shock protein 70 which is unaffected by salt assiduitys, chelating agents, pH and temperature extremes3,10. This protein is present in the cytoplasm, pseudopodia and phagocytic food cups. There are many other factors associated with the pathogenicity of N. Fowleri and others that are suspected to have an depression on the pathogenicity.On the onset of infection the hosts innate immune system attempts to reduce the pathogens cytotoxicity. During the early infection the form releases mucin which surrounds the N.Fowleri trophozoites to prevent cytotoxicity. In the later infection eosinophils and neutrophils surround the N. Fowleri cells to prevent cytotoxicity. Inflammation increases over time, although there are not many cells that penetrate the host epithelium. The inflammation and polymorph nuclear cells from the host response damage cerebral tissue2 .Diagnosis, Treatment, PreventionDiagnosis of N. Fowleri is heavily dependent on science lab techniques. The most effective way to diagnose N. Fowleri requires cerebrospinal fluid (csf) which is conducted season the forbearing is living and brain biopsy which is conducted jeopardize-mortem11. Different laboratory tests are utilized to analyze the specimen. When PAM is suspected, samples can be wet attach and placed under a microscope to identify trophozoites12. Polymerase chain reaction is a method that can be used to amplify DNA, to identify the presence of N. Fowleri DNA in a sample11. Another laboratory technique involves antigens that were highly-developed from mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against N. Fowleri . When indirect immunofluorescence assays are used mAbs react to N.Fowleri from specific geographic regions13.The infection due to PAM progresses quickly and as previously stated, mimics symptoms of bacterial meningitis. Even with the advances in laboratory diagnostics most cases are diagnosed post mortem making effective treatment elusive. One successful case plain provides an example of effective diagnosis and treatment of this condition. On July 13, 2013, a 12 year-old girl presented to Arkansas Childrens Hospital vomiting, having trouble holding up her head and was unable to open her eyes. A few days prior to hospitalisation the patient had been playing in a loc al water park. During her hospital care she experienced hallucinations, and thirst. A spinal tap was performed which ruled out bacterial meningitis. The laboratory identified N. Fowleri trophozoites in the patients cerebrospinal fluid. After determining the infection was PAM caused by N. Fowleri, physicians initially inured the patient with antibiotics and antifungals like Amphotericin B, Rifampin, Fluconazole, Dexamethasone and Azithromycin .None of these treatments alter the condition of the patient. The hospital petitioned the Center for illness Control (CDC) to allow the use of a new experimental do drugs available for the treatment of N.Fowleri14. The drug Miltesfosine was given 36 hours after the initial diagnosis, physicians also lowered the patients body temperature to 93.2 F0 to reduce cerebral edema and intracranial pressure. After 18 days in the ICU there was no N. Fowleri found in her system. The patient experienced a full but gradual recovery over the next fifty five days. After seven days the patient was able to write her name, in fourteen days she was able to accost in one and two syllable words. She also underwent both speech and animal(prenominal) therapy14.This patient is one of the three known survivors of PAM. While the virulence factors and the degree of recovery that surround the other two cases of survival are unknown. The suggestion diagnosis, treatment with Miltesfosine within thirty six hours and go foring a low body temperature for this patient played significant roles in effectively treating this infection14. Although the first case of N. Fowleri was over 50 years ago, the mortality rate for this disease continues to increase due to water scarcity which increases use of water from public sources. As previously stated this condition is either diagnosed post mortem or misdiagnosed. The development of a standard microbial treatment will aid in the reduction of high mortality rates14.In the three cases of survival the patients w ere all intially treated with amphotericin B, rifampcin, fluconazole, dexamethasone and phenytoin during the first week of infection15. In 1969 a patient survived PAM with the successful treatment of amphotericin B. The patient in 2013 was initially treated with amphotericin B and it was ineffective. Miltesfosine effectively treated this patients PAM14. Other drugs with the potential to treat PAM have been tested, and some have been proven effective while others have not. Clotrimazole a drug that has been used as an antifungal had potential to treat PAM but under further study was deemed ineffective16.In developing countries like Pakistan where water is in short supply and ablution is common practice the danger of proper infected with N. Fowleri is greatly increased. Water sources in these countries include wells or water remembering tanks which are often contaminated with N. Fowleri 17. In secernate to prevent infection the World Health Organization (WHO) encourages that water s torage units and wells be regularly tested to ensure proper disinfection. unexclusive health organizations have also encouraged the use of nose clips while swimming in lakes and other freshwater sources, and boiling water that is used for ablution17.Chlorine disinfection regimens prevent against most pathogens in alcoholism water systems provided free living amoeba like N. Fowleri survive most disinfection. The cyst form of N. Fowleri is resistant to most disinfection and are associated with biofilm that can build up in deglutition water systems. N. Fowleri have been isolated in drinking water systems in Australia, the United States and Pakistan, in both Australia and the United States they maintain chlorine levels of 0.5mg/L at all times in the drinking water18.To test the amount of chlorine needed to eliminate N. Fowleri, enquiryers conducted an experiment using two separate puts, a pre re-chlorination site and a post re-chlorination site, both sites were monitored before and after re-chlorination for a year. The results were that after chlorination of greater than 1mg/L at each site, in the post re-chlorination site the amoeba were gone within 60 days. The pre re-chlorination site would have seasonal flares of N.Fowleri but the chlorine levels eliminated the protozoan and prevented further spread. Overall chlorine levels above 1mg/L result in the elimination of N.Fowleri in drinking water systems18.Summary of current areas of enquiry notesN. Fowleri is a rare pathogen that was discovered over fifty years ago. Since its breakthrough still not much is known about this pathogen. Future research into this pathogen will focus on patient complaint diagnosis and treatment, expanding the drugs that are used, biomarkers, and drug targets. In order to determine whether the patient has contracted PAM due to N.Fowleri the patients csf is tested and if the test is negative for bacterial cultures and the patient has a taradiddle of swimming or other aquatic activi ties, then the patient tests autocratic for N.Fowleri. Extracting csf can increase the pressure in the patients brain and lead to herniation of the brain. Because N. Fowleri travels to the brain via the nasal passage, the proposed route of diagnosis is collecting a nasal sample. Research confirms that N.Fowleri can be collected in both csf and nasal cultures3.Drugs administered through the nasal cavity, through the transcribial route would be delivered across the cribifrom plate to the inferior portion of the frontal lobe. This is the site where N. Fowleri attacks and spreads to the central nervous system. Drugs like amphotericin B do not decrease the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) when administered intravenously. By potentially administering the drug transcribialy, the drug passes the blood barrier which would allow the drug to be more potent, trail the route of N.Fowleri, attack the site of infection, allow the lethal dose of drug to achieve the mic without venous drainag e, and lastly to avoid symptoms of intravenous drug administration 15.There are clinically approved drugs that have promising amoebicidal effect. These drugs interrupt the mechanisms and processes of the amoeba. Digoxin and proyclidine both give amoebicidal properties. Digoxin treats atrial fibrillation and heart rhythm disorder by dower the heart beat stronger and with more rhythm19. Proyclidine is used to treat Parkinsons and other diseases that cause involuntary muscle movement20. In order for further testing of the amoebicidal effects of these drugs to continue to be analyse more drugs that have the potential to be amoebicidal must be identified and screened for tests to go from in vitro testing to in vivo testing. There has not been a lot of emphasis on determination drugs that treat N. Fowleri because the condition is rare and affects populations in the developing world.Biomarkers for PAM have been repugn to identify because little is known about N. Fowleris pathophysiol ogy. Mass spectrometry, NMR and other tools of analysis are being utilized to identify biomarkers. Researchers are also making biochemical profiles of individuals in populations that contracted the disease against those who did not. These profiles will include information on the individuals age, gender, ethnicity and factors that predispose them to this condition3. This condition is rare and because of its rarity has been studied infrequently. With limited time and resources N.Fowleri is funded and studied less frequently than conditions that affect large populations like Malaria or the Zika virus.The range of drugs used to treat patients with PAM is severely limited, researchers are developing drugs that would inhibit different processes of N.Fowleri. The drug pathways are hydrolytic enzymes that invade the host cells, glycocytic enzymes that are expressed differently by the pathogen, thiol based redox transfiguration pathway, oxidative stress pathway, trypanothione pathways, and encystation and excystation pathways3.Bibliography1. Naegleria fowleri- primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) amebic encephalitis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site. =. Updated December 2015. Accessed January, 2017.2. Martinez-Castillo M, Cardenas-Zuniga R, Coronado-Velazquez D, Debnath A, Serrano-Luna J, Shibayama M. Naegleria fowleri after 50 years Is it a neglected pathogen? J Med Microbiol. 2016. inside 10.1099/jmm.0.000303 doi.3. Siddiqui R, Ali IKM, Cope JR, Khan NA. biology and pathogenesis of naegleria fowleri. Acta Trop. 2016164375-394. doi http//dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.09.009.4. Coupat-Goutaland B, Rgoudis E, Besseyrias M, et al. Population Structure in Naegleria fowleri as Revealed by Microsatellite Markers. Chiang T-Y, ed. PLoS ONE. 201611(4)e0152434. doi10.1371/journal.pone.0152434.5. The genome of naegleria gruberi illuminates early eukaryotic versatility. Cell. (- 5)- 631. doi 10.1016/j.cell.2010.01.032.6. Marciano-Cabral F, Cab ral GA. The immune response to naegleria fowleri amebae and pathogenesis of infection. FEMS Immunology medical exam Microbiology. 200751(2)243-259. doi 10.1111/j.1574-695X.2007.00332.x.7. Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky SL, et al. Molecular Cell Biology. 4th edition. New York W. H. Freeman 2000. region 19.4, Cilia and Flagella Structure and Movement. Available from https//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21698/8. Han, KL., Lee, HJ., Shin, M.H. et al. Parasitol Res (2004) 94 53. doi10.1007/s00436-004-1158-99. RVEILLER FL, SUH S, SULLIVAN K, CABANES P, MARCIANO-CABRAL F. isolation of a unique membrane protein from naegleria fowleri. J Eukaryot Microbiol. 200148(6)676-682. doi 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2001.tb00208.x.10. Song, KJ., Song, KH., Kim, JH. et al. Parasitol Res (2008) 103 313. doi10.1007/s00436-008-0972-x11. Cope JR, Ali IK. Primary amebic meningoencephalitis What have we learned in the last 5 years? Curr Infect Dis Rep. 201618(10)31-016-0539-4. doi 10.1007/s11908-016-0539-4 doi.12. B aig AM, Khan NA. Tackling infection owing to brain-eating amoeba. Acta Trop. 201514286-88. doi 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.11.004 doi.13. Pugh JJ, Levy RA. Naegleria fowleri Diagnosis, pathophysiology of brain inflammation, and antimicrobial treatments. ACS Chem Neurosci. 20167(9)1178-1179. doi 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00232 doi.14. Heggie TW, Kpper T. Surviving naegleria fowleri infections A successful case report and novel therapeutic approach. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease. . doi http//dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2016.12.005.15. Baig AM, Khan NA. Novel chemotherapeutic strategies in the management of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis due to naegleria fowleri. central nervous system Neuroscience Therapeutics. 201420(3)289-290. doi 10.1111/cns.12225.16. Jamieson A. Effect of clotrimazole on naegleria fowleri. J Clin Pathol. 197528(6)446-449.17. Siddiqui R, Khan NA. Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis caused by naegleria fowleri An old enemy presenting new challenges. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 20148(8)e3017. doi 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003017 doi.18. moth miller HC, Morgan MJ, Wylie JT, et al. Elimination of naegleria fowleri from bulk water and biofilm in an operational drinking water distribution system. Water Res. 201611015-26. doi S0043-1354(16)30912-5 pii.19. Dawson AH, Buckley NA. Digoxin. Medicine. 201644(3)158-159. doi http//dx.doi.org.proxy.campbell.edu/10.1016/j.mpmed.2015.12.006.20. Procyclidine. Drugs.com Know more. Be sure Web site. https//www.drugs.com/cdi/procyclidine.htm. Updated 2017. Accessed 5/25/17, 2017.1 Naegleria fowleri- primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) amebic encephalitis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site. https//www.cdc.gov/parasites/naegleria/pathogen.htmlhistory. Updated December 2015. Accessed January, 2017

Strengths and weaknesses of food and beverage company Kraft Foods

Strengths and weaknesses of food and beverage corporation kraft paper Foods gateway kraft Foods Inc. is the largest foods and beverage company in US and the being morsel largest industry which is after Nestle. kraft had been offered consumers delicious and whole around foods for more than nose send packingdy social classs. kraft paper Foods headquarter is in north virtu whollyy America. kraft Foods has numerous of the best-known brands in the world with trading operations in 72 countries and sales in clv countries. kraft paper Foods has 140,000 diverse employees around the world and this is one of the reasons why they can succeed.kraft paper Foods Inc. is a company which has different roots and founders. The three to the steepest degree successful food entrepreneurs are J.L. kraft, who started his Chinese concern in 1930 C.W. Post, who founded Postum metric grain Company in 1895 and Oscar Mayer, who began his meat business in 1883. kraft Foods Malaysia was schematic in the year of 1959 in Malaysia and started with Tyre Hong Biscuit and Confectionary factory. Kraft Foods manufacturing in Malaysia and the factories located at Johor Bahru and Penang.VISION, MISSION AND GOALKrafts company vision is to take a helping hand to the people in all around the world in order to allow a conk let on life and a healthy life-style. Krafts vision is satisfy consumer needs and making healthier foods. Kraft deliver the message to the clients that they concern about the health and wellness of everyone and treasured to provide high quality food and services.Kraft mission is to endure successful in the long-run. Constantly re-strategize the products categories to satisfy the needs of consumers is necessary for Kraft to operate in the future. Seize the opportunity to exploit sales capabilities by coming up with different marketng strategiesKrafts corporate goals is to ensure that the products are innovative, high-quality, reliable to consume, watch overful to environ handstal needs, and the openness and integrity which seek to commit to the consumers shell OF PRODUCTKrafts products are divided into five categories which are grocery, beverages, cheese dairy, snacks cereals, and at ease meals. The well known brands that Kraft concord in Malaysia includes Oreo, Jacobs, Chipsmore, Twisties and so on. foodstuff SEGMENTATIONEvery consumer tycoon have different taste and preferences. Hence, utilise a same marketing segmentation, which is as well as known as plurality marketing by offering a single marketing amalgamate to all consumers are not able to fulfill the needs and wants of all customers. In addition, the global market are becoming competitive and high customers requirements which is very dificult to satisfy. Therefore, Krafts seperate the operation in two main segments Kraft North America Commercial and Kraft International Commercial.Besides, Kraft target to the customer who concern with their health and wellness. For exampl e, most of the teenagers do not meet the recommended cursory intake for calcium. Kraft then shift out the not-so-healthy snacks advertisement such(prenominal) as Oreo cookies and change to the products which meet new nutritional criteria. Kraft forget in any case add the Sensible Solution label on products in order to transfer the message to all parents that the goods are conflict the nutrition criteria and save to consume. Kraft also doubled the calcium in traditional favourites such as Kraft Singles and Kraft Macaroni Cheese.Krafts business was launched internationally and realised that the consumer behaviour are depends on the local anaesthetic ingest and social behaviour out-of-pocket to the particular countrys cultures, practices and traditions. Thus, Kraft always shown respect for different cultures, for example, selling HALAL food in Muslim Countries. Furthermore, in the nuts business, Kraft have more of a skew towards men versus other brands that may have more of a skew toward women. Kraft spend a lot of time to understand all the consumers attitudes, beliefs, etceteraFor example, Kraft focus on the Hispanic consumer as one of the encumbrance consumers of the brands. Hispanic consumer preference the brands like Oreo and Chips Ahoy. Kraft marketing pull up stakes be customized around the insights for the different consumers.STRENGTHSKraft is a multinational company and having the capability to attract consumer all over the world compare to the local companies. Besides of high market share and financial male monarch, Kraft also has greater financial capability in altering existing products in terms of packaging, the formula of the particular product and others or creating new products, as well as to adapt or upgrade latest knowledge system technology in manufacturing, order processing and other related fields in order to sustain their competitive advantage by delivering pull down cost of goods and services than their competitors in this dy namic environment.Secondly, Kraft has an trenchant strategic marketing capability. For example, Kraft products such as Oreo cookies have built a strong and stable patent in some(prenominal) countries. Although Oreo has many competitors such as Cream-O, whereas the strong advertisements have indoctrinated most of the people that Krafts Oreo is the products of origin. Kraft iconic heritage brands are love by the consumers worldwide. Around 80 percent of these heritage brands holding flake one or two positions in the respective categories and are business firm names.Besides, Kraft also has great leadership attributes. The management team such as the top executives, branch managers, and others are responsible for the day-to-day operations and success of the company. The management group has extensive food industry find and management depth.PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONSKraft Food company faces serious paradox in the proceeds sector. Kraft is not able to control the bring out of the prod uction. This is receivable to a sudden and unexpected increased in demand, which will shake extreme supply shortfalls for commodities that will result in major footing increases. For instance, bad weather and natural disasters have always been an issue bear upon incoming raw hooeys. The main problem is the shortage of raw material, burnt umber. Cocoa is a major ingredient for Kraft. Cocoa always used in the production of chocolates, cookies, desserts and others. Because of the importantly of umber, therefore, consistency of supply, in terms of price, quality and playscript is the main consideration for Kraft. Kraft wants to improve the welfare of cocoa get upers and bring out communities in order to apply the long-term stability of the cocoa supply chain. West Africa is the country that produces seventy percent of cocoa among the world. Unfortunately, farmers face many challenges because of poverty. They do not have adequate infrastructure, lack of the educational opportuni ties and have only little investment in cocoa farming. These challenges are so complex, requiring the coordinated bm from the local government, industry and other organizations. In addition, this will cause Kraft to encounter a great loss due to the inaccuracy of supply because the farmers could not produce the actual quality and quantity of cocoa.In orders to re act this problem, Kraft Foods is working as part of the coordinated effort to help to maintain the supply of cocoa. Kraft believes that to improve farmers income can function these problems and also promoting efficiency goodness in the supply chain, quality and productivity. Kraft also works with the non-governmental organizations and industry partners in order to help cocoa farmers and their families. Krafts reaching out to governments and supports the programs that giving education to farmers and promote responsible farm practices. Kraft primary focus is in West Africa, while Kraft also is a member of cocoa sustainabil ity programs in Latin America. Kraft wanted to empower cocoa farmers, their families and communities in order to build better lives for themselves while this can make sure that Kraft is able to maintain an adequate supply of quality cocoa for the generations to come.RECOMMENDATIONSThere are some suggestion which can be considered by Kraft to solve the problem of inconsistency and shortage of raw materials. Firstly, Kraft can increase the preventative stock level. Safety stock is the quantity of stock which can be used to satisfy unexpectedly high requirements in the stock out period. The purpose of the safety stock is to prevent the occurred of material shortage whereas commonly will not be used in production. Therefore, Kraft might need to increase the safety stock in order to turn away the risk of shortage or back order which may stick higher costs. Safety stock can also help to lower down the customer turnover rate. In order to determine the undefiled safety stock level, Kra fts manufacturing department can implement the Manufacturing Require provision II (MRP-II) system. MRP-II is an blendd information system used by businesses to centralize, integrate and process information for effective decision making. The function of MRP-II includes business planning, production planning and scheduling, order processing, and performance measurement and so on. With the help of MRP-II, Kraft can improve the production process by reduced the muniment level, improved the used of manufacturing facilities, response faster in changing conditions and so on. This will increase the competitive advantage of Kraft to compete with the competitor.Besides, Kraft can engage with multiple suppliers or dealers in particular region, so they could acquire inventories from multiple dealers, which will definitely decrease the risk of shortage due to incontrollable situation. Other than that, mutual trust and strong relationship with all the dealers are needed in order to increase th e flexibility of material supply management, as well as to enhance the bargaining power of Kraft. Lastly, Kraft should also refer to the demand and purchase planning on last couple of years of sales to forecast current year of demand and supply.CONCLUSIONContributing towards a better and healthier guild are the cocernstone of Kraft Foods business values and philosophy. In addition, Kraft also study about the consumers needs from time to time and satisfy the consumers as much as possible. Krafts strengths such as high financial power, effective strategic marketing capability and great leadership attributes have helped them by the obstacles. In order to achieve the goal, Kraft might need to solve the problem of the production.

An Overview of Butadiene

An Overview of Butadiene1,3 Butadiene1,3-Butadiene with its molecular structure of emailprotected=CH2 have widely synonym as furtheradiene,,-butadiene, divinyl, buta-1,3-diene, vinylethylene, vinylethylene, bivinyl, erythrene, biethylene, and pyrrolylene evoke to the same physical and chemical properties. It has same Chemical Abstracts do (CAS) registry recite which is 106-99-0, and its Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS) number is EI9275000. As compared to the air, the conversation performer of to 1ppm butadiene is equal to 2.21 mg/m3 in the air. besides important identity and physicochemical properties of butadiene is described as per Table 1. Generally, butadiene was put out during combustion resulting from combustion of organic matters whether it come from natural turn or homophile activities. Among of natural do work and mankind activities, the main contributor of butadiene front man in earth major(ip)ly come from valet de chambre activity which fount eminent impact to surrounding life and environment.As part of human activities, 1,3 Butadiene world utilize primarily and commercially in the making of celluloid rubbers and polymers. 1,3 butadiene was enkindled by complex and specific process as co-product of ethylene during picnic at spicy temperature ( breakd C4) at the steam cracker bonbons units.The crude C4 that produced from steam cracker units or process then fed to the butadiene extraction units for separation process of butadiene, isobutenes and the other C4s (byproduct called as Raffinate 1) through extractive distillation.The most advanced Butadiene extraction engine room is come from BASF NMP Process in which 1,3 Butadiene is extract as per Diagram 1 by utilized N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) as solvent.Characteristic 1,3-Butadiene is colourless gas at room temperature with gasoline or mild aromatic odor, super flammable when exposed to heat and in dissolvable in water but soluble in ether, acetone, ben zene and ethanol. It is genuinely reactive it may form acrolein and peroxides upon photograph to air, it tin finish react with oxidizing materials, and it polymerizes readily, particularly if oxygen is present. Butadiene is stabilized with hydroquinone, catechol, t-butyl catechol or aliphatic mercaptans1,2.In addition from that, as per GHS-US classification, 1,3 Butadiene is classified and hazard try as per Table 2 and Diagram 2 below courseHazard StatementDescriptionH220Flammable Gas kinsfolk 1Exteremly flammable gasH280Refrigerated Liquefied GasContains gas to a refuse place pressure may explode if heatedH315Skin Irritation Category 2Causes whittle irritationH319Eye Irrititation Category 2ACauses serious spirit irritationH340Germ Cell Mutagen Category 1BMay cause communicable flawsH350Carcinogen Category 1AMay cause sightcerTable 2 miscellany of 1,3 Butadiene as per GHS-US ClassficiationDiagram 2 Hazard laboratoryel/pictogramns of 1,3 Butadiene as per GHS-US Clas sficiation apply1,3 Butadiene is the main raw material to manufacture variety typesetters case of rubbers and plastics. It is macrocosm employ as an intermediate ingredient monomers in inter subdivision of polymers, synthetic rubbers or elastomers, and other chemicals. As substitution for natural rubber, Butadiene being used widely in producing synthetic rubbers and polymer which gloweringers numerous advantages in term of value in performance, rubber and functionality, and lower costs.Over 75% of 1,3 Butadiende was used to produce Synthetic rubber. Synthetic rubber derived from 1,3 butadiene let in Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), poly-butadiene rubber (PBR), cyanide rubber (NR) and poly-chloroprene(Neoprene). These synthetic rubbers then undergo several others specific process to produce product resemblingStyrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and poly-butadiene rubber (PBR) are used in the making of tyres and plastic where able to enhance and increase the resistor of vehicles ty re and plastic towards heat degradation, blowouts, wear and tear.Neoprene or poly-chloroprene is used extensively in manufacture of latex goods which is non-tire application such as gloves, foams, waders and wearsuits. nitrile Rubber(NR) have variety of end product which principally used to produce rubber hoses, gasket and seals for automobiles .Remaining 25% of 1,3 Butadiene was used to produce polymers. Polymerd derived from 1,3 include Acrylonitrile-butadiene- phenylethylene (ABS) resins, poly-butadiene polymers, nitrile barrier resins and thermoplastic resins. Among the others, ABS resin was widely used in medium-large volume of thermoplastic resin, containing some 20%- 30% of 1,3 butadiene by lean to produce automobiles part and appliances in automotive application .Apart from that, 1,3- Butadiene to a fault is used in the turnout of adhesives for packaging, transporting, or holding nutriment in components of paper and paperboard that are in contact with dry food and as a modifier in the production of semi nonindulgent and rigid vinyl chloride plastic food-contact articles.Human ExposureThe general human video can be separated onto two occupational scene and non-occupational impression and describe as per below1.3.1 Occupational word pictureThe highest exposure of butadiene is mainly occurs in occupational settings or workplace domain of a function and its surroundings. Potential vault of heavens include several industries like petroleum refinery and operation plant (where the crude C4 cracking process take over and involves butadiene extraction, gasoline production and distribution), distillation and production of butadiene monomer plant, factory or manufacturer of various butadiene based product like synthetic rubber and polymers plant such as tires, gloves and variety jibe moulding industries (IARC, 1999). base from data collected from European Chemical Bereau during 1984 to 1987, the arithmetical sozzleds of butadiene concentration at petrochemical and petroleum refinery plant industries area in several location of European countries is ranged from 0.1 to 6.4 mg/m3 Other than that, by refer from survey conducted by occupational hygiene of United Kingdom shows that the loaded concentration of butadiene generally below 11mg/m3 with most below 2.2 mg/m3 for butadient production areas while in polymer manufacturer area time-weighted averaged just about (4.4 to 6.6mg/m3). Meanwhile at USA in 1985, the arithmetic specify concentration is ranged from 1 to 277 mg/m3 for monomer production plant and 0.04 to 32mg/m3 for polymer production plant. (IARC, 1999 European Chemicals Bureau, 2001).1.3.2 Non-occupational exposureFor non-occupational exposure area, it is obtained that the butadiene mean concentration in ambient air is much lower in g/m3 measured than reported in occupational exposure area which measured in mg/m3. Elevation of concentration exposed occurs at the vicinity of source like municipal structural fires area, smoking put or cigarette smoke area, brush and timber firesButadiene has been widely spy in ambient air but at much lower levels (g/m3) than reported in some occupational settings (mg/m3). Elevated concentrations may occur in the vicinity of point sources, such as municipal structural fires, wood and brush fires cigarette smoking volatilization gasoline area as well as combustion through vehicle emissions (IARC, 2008).Based on data and canvas conducted during 1990 and 1994, involvement of 14 cities, outlandish or towns at Ontario, Canada shows that the results from 1611 samples of outdoor air collected for mean concentration of butadiene is ranged around 0.1g/m3 with maximum of 1.7 g/m3. (Health Canada, 2000).Dollard et al. (2007) measured butadiene concentrations at rural, urban primer coat (UB), urban industry influenced (UI) and busy-roadtraffic (BR) locations in the United Kingdom from 1993 to 2004. Mean rural levels dropped from 0.39 to 0.02 g/m3 between 1995 and 20 04 mean UB levels diminutiond from 0.64 to 0.15 g/m3 in 1993-2004 mean UI levels came down from 0.85 to 0.35 g/m3 in 1995-2000 and mean BR levels went from 3.3 to 0.57 g/m3 in the period 1997-2004..Human effectExposure of 1,3 Butadiene can effect human health and the severity can be separated into two, which is bully and chronic. For acute exposure, it can be further split into high doses and low doses. penetrative low doses exposure will caused irritation to nose, fondnessball, lungs and throat. These cryopathy injury excessively may lead to occur through exposure to skin.Acute high doses of exposures will lead to cause damage of central anxious(p) formation by showing symptoms to human body such vertigo, general tiredness, malformed blurred vision headache, nausea fainting and decrease pulse rate.Human epidemiologic studies has been conducted to identify the Chronic effects to human that cause by exposure to 1,3-butadiene, the result shown the effect to human can cause ca ncer and cardiovascular diseases.However, due to some limitation and cofounding factors in study of cancer to human due to exposure by 1,3-Butadiene such as simultaneous exposure to syrene and benzene, smoking the exact causal factors unable to established well. Extensive lab experiment involving animal such as mice and rat has been performed and study to observe relationship of chronic exposure of 1,3-butadiene to cancer. The studies through mice and rat has shown the developmental problems and productive effected the animals. Through this study, 1,3-Butadiene has been classified as human carcinogen from EPA and rated as A2 surmise human carcinogen as per The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). encourage human effect exposed to 1,3-butadiene explain on Table 2.Carcinogenicity to humanBased on epidemiological studies conducted shows that high tendancy or risk of leukemia or others cancer to attacked on the lymphohaematopoietic system when chronic ex posure to 1,3-Butadiene. This involve triad studies on employed workers at 1,3-Butadiene production facility of styrene-butadiene-rubber(SBR) plant where the major exposure is 1,3-butadiene monomer alone. The result of the studies shows the same relation or overlapping age group population. It was discovered in two studies at butadiene monomer facility, overall have about excess of death rate from leukaemia while in third study shows decrease in mortality of leukaemia. The increased mortality from leukaemia in one of the monomer industry cohorts was more pronounced among workers who had been exposed at high levels during the first days of production (Second World War). In this cohort, no increase in leukaemia was observed with duration of exposure or cumulative exposure.Based on the study on SBR workers by University of Alabama at Birmingham (USA) considered as very illuminating data where the study involves in examine the mortality rates of about 17,000 workers through eight facility in Canada and USA. A limiting factor in the evaluations was that the diagnosis and classification of lymphatic and haematopoietic malignancies are very complex and have undergone several changes over the course of time.Although overall mortality from leukemia was only slightly higher in the update of the most modern cohort, a larger increase of deaths from leukemia seen in workers in the most highly exposed from plants and one employee per hour paid, especially those who was hired in previous(predicate) years and has ten years or more jobs. Furthermore, a square correlation between cumulative exposure of 1,3-butadiene and leukemia deaths observed in this study. A recent analysis shows that the exposure-response relationship for 1,3-butadiene and leukemia are free from exposure to styrene and dimethyldithiocarbamate.Studies with mice showed increased tumour formation in various organs in both sexes at 1,3-butadiene exposures to approximately 14 mg/m3 (females) and 44 mg/ m3 (males). This was not observed in rats at exposures up to 2,200 mg/m3, in all probability due to the crucial role of oxidative metabolism 1,3-butadiene requires metabolic activating to generate electrophilic epoxides in which important species differences exist (mice are more streamlined in the production of epoxide metabolites of butadiene, while rats and humans are more economical in the hydrolytic detoxification of these metabolites). Many tests on mutagenicity, geno virulentity and mechanism of action clearly quest that 1,3-butadiene is a genotoxic compound in humans and in experimental animals, requiring metabolic activation to generate electrophilic and DNA-reactive epoxides (epoxybutene, epoxybutanediol and diepoxybutane), one or more of which are considered to be the ultimate carcinogens.Health EffectDescriptionSymptomsInhalation problem or respiratory irritationInhalation of 1,3 butadiene gases or aerosols such as mists or fumes generated by the material during e xitling and general works can be damaging the human health. Excessive exposures can cause onerous irritation to upper respiratory system or central nervous system like nose and throat.1, 3 butadiene can cause hypnogogic effects or anesthetic including dizziness and drowsiness, alertness, sleepiness, lack of coordination, vertigo, loss of reflexes and death. wasting diseaseDrink or food that contaminate with 1,3-Butadiene which the residues of 1,3-butadiene have been found in drink and food container. (McNeal and Breder 1987)Liquid butadiene can cause frostbite to the lips but this unlikely to happen because very low amount of butadiene used in food and drink containers.EyePerson or human can be exposed to the 1,3 Butadiene liquid and gases during manufacture or at occupational areaTransient discomfort characterised by tearing or conjunctival redness, pain and blurred vision.exposed to liquid butadiene can cause frostbite if it contacts the eyes and rapidly evaporates.Skin Contact Not to have any skin irritation or harmful to human health in normal condition. It will affected if the person involve in injury or woundIn touch with liquid butadiene may cause frostbite and rapidly evaporate. When entry into the blood-stream, through cuts, abrasions or lesions, may produce general injury with harmful effects.ChronicAs per International Agency for research on Cancer (IARC), Butadiene is listed as human carcinogen which can directly cause cancer in human. Based on experiments, there is an evident that butadiene can cause genetic defect and may result in toxic effecs to the unborn baby.Cancer ex leukemia, damaged of cardiovascular system, genetic defectTable 2 Health effect of 1,3 Butadiene to human health trim back the risk of unsafeIn order to curve risk of hazardous of 1,3butadiene, many precaution and controls shall take in consideration. Separated into two occupational and non-occupational exposure.4.1 OccupationalThe higher human exposure to 1,3 Butadiene i s come from occupational environment. assign control can be taking in consideration to reduce the risk exposure by include appropriate engineering controls, hand protection, eye protection, skin and body protection, respiratory protection and environmental exposure control.4.1.1 A Appropriate engineering controlsAppropriate engineering controlsThis product mustiness be confined with vapor-tight equipment. With this confinement, vapors should not be released, and local free should be satisfactory. An explosion-proof system is acceptable. undertake that any venting of material is in compliance with international, federal/national, state/provincial, and local regulations.Hand protection arrogate protective gloves made of PVC.Eye protection tear safety spectacles with side shields. Wear safety glasses with side shields or gawp when transfilling or breaking transfer connections. Provide readily accessible eye wash stations and safety showers.Skin and body protectionWear work gloves and metatarsal shoes for cylinder handling. Protective equipment where needed. Select in accordance with OSHA 29 CFR 1910.132, 1910.136, and 1910.138.Respiratory protectionWhen workplace conditions warrant respirator use, follow a respiratory protection program that meets OSHA 29 CFR 1910.134, ANSI Z88.2, or MSHA 30 CFR 72.710 (where applicable). Use an air-supplied or air-purifying cartridge if the action level is exceeded. Ensure that the respirator has the appropriate protection factor for the exposure level. If cartridge type respirators are used, the cartridge must be appropriate for the chemical exposure. For emergencies or instances with unknown exposure levels, use a self-contained breathing instrument (SCBA).Environmental exposure controlsRefer to local regulations for restriction of emissions to the atmosphere. See section 13 for specific methods for waste gas treatment. Refer to local regulations for restriction of emissions to the atmosphere.Other informationConsider t he use of flame resistant anti-static safety clothing. Wear safety shoes while handling containers. Keep able chemically resistant protective clothing readily available for unavoidableness use. Wear leather safety gloves and safety shoes when handling cylinders.Non-occupational wood burning Take precautions to minimize the amount of smoke released into the home during wood burning.fomite engines Make sure vehicle engines are turned off when in an enclosed space such as a garage.Vehicle traffic Minimize time spent near areas of heavy vehicle traffic and avoid living very close to busy roads.tobacco smoke Families can reduce exposure to 1,3-butadiene by avoiding tobacco smoke, particularly indoors.

Effects of Music on Human Behaviour

Effects of unison on Human BehaviourZahira Amir Ali KhalfanABSTRACTThis newsprint explores the relationship amongst medicine and world being carriage and its role in treating the mentally trial patients for healthy reco real. Being a student nurse the topic is very signifi whoremastert for my learning. The paper is a part of my Behavioral Psychology forcible body at the Aga Khan University School of Nursing and Midwifery (AKU-SONAM), Karachi, Pakistan. The paper result begin with brief description about relationship between unison and serviceman behavior, its importance, bio-psycho-social perspectives and guinea pigs of medicine in the light of literature reviewed. In the end, the paper will be summarized and will propose harmony therapy as a significant strategy in psychiatric remembery.Key lecture medical specialty, tender-hearted behavior, melody therapyINRODUCTIONWhile observing the Creation of Universe and the evolution of humans beings, harmony is basic, w hich is reflected in the chirping of birds, giggling of babies and lullaby of m new(prenominal)s or love of fathers. These emotions are predominantly expressed in the common language called music. symphony is everywhere, far and panoptic and it is not just contemplation unless is a reality. Today in the world of enchantment, it is the humbles of entertainment (Parrott, 2009). Thus music has directly or indirectly influenced every human being in shaping his/her behavior. physical structureEvery someone in this universe lives due to Almightys creativity and thereby religions are trended to praise Him. The impact of music on religions is boundless. Parrott (2009) while seconding Bhakthi Sankeertan in his book Healing by means of medicine says, From ancient times, music is something that has put people in touch with their inner closely feelings. Different kinds of music spring upon different emotions of an individual and release the unlike incomplete emotions leading towards a total healing of body and judgement. Parrott (2009) cited Steven Fischbacker who writes in his paper Music and Spirituality that music helps to retrieve memories when you check out an object which you had associated to form a memory. Cooling (1996) suggests three E words viz. explore, engage and express which connects music with spirit. Music is played in festivals to express worship. In Judaism Music is the pulse of Jewish spirituality bird melodic phrase charts the biorhythms of the Jewish Soul. (Chief Rabbi Sir Jonathan Sacks cited in Cooling, 1996). In Christianity music unites people and everyone recites holy songs as being one. In Islam it is a harmony of life. It is inspired by the course session of Holy Quran and Devotional Literature in Sufism in Islam. In Hinduism, music is considered as the tune and rhythm of the Lord (Parrot, 2009).Music on the one hand is a union of sound and lyrics. (Trappe, 2012). On the other hand it is an approach towards physical mental and so cial aspects of a human behavior which reflects throughout his life (Kagan, 2013). When a piece of music is be by a human, it somehow or other, sways ones behavior which ultimately gives rise to personality development.Pursuant to Music theory, (Leibniz, 1712) a person who is able to play an instrument according to its learnt elements has truly understood the music, but the limitation to this theory is that, it does not explain what a brain perceives and how a person acts over it. Another explanation is that, music is subjective. You cannot tell the means of the word music, rather than that you simply play it and develop others agnize the essence of it. Some say that music is poetic (Leibniz 1712). tally to scientific analysis, music is a way to socialize with others, to recreate sexual desires, to form a language and a way of communication for antenatal mothers with their babies. The or so common view is that music is an sum of sound created by universe which rejuvenates th e environment. (Dorrell, 2006). Psycho musicologist Aristoxenus cited in Butler (1982) says that music is a human movement formed according to ones sensory abilities and its disclosure should be worthwhile. According to Pavlovian classical conditioning in Vedantam, 2007, when unconditioned stimuli e.g. all work that we perform, combines with conditioned stimuli like music, the conditioned answer that we obtain is the craved behavior i.e. whenever we listen to that music we start performing our work. (Vedantam, 2007).Music has a great importance on all accounts of human life including health. Music motivates to have greater self-reliance, confidence help to form be enormousings and work in coaction with others e.g. group of people giving efforts in an orchestra to make it an achievement. (Henley, 2011)Music is a key to understand emotions and feelings. We start understanding the marrow of lyrics when we turn into a teenager which creates an enormous impact on our future. (Vedant am, 2007). A study was make related to lyrical music influencing individuals mood and helping behaviors. People with prosocial lyrics had collateral whereas people with antisocial lyrics had forbid behaviors. No convincing statistics were found for helping behaviors but it does not mean that music cant generate willingness to help. (Ganser et al, 2010).Value of music in academic point of view is astonishing. It is the best way of communication by which children improve their social skills and learning and bring up their self consider on a higher level. According to a research done by Henley (2012), it was reported that music enhances the reading skills to improve vocabulary. It also helps in solving mathematical problems and improves ones IQ. It makes a child more imaginative and creative. It is not just for the sake of entertainment rather, it gives an opportunity to dog it as a profession. For some students it helps to excess in their academics whereas on the irrelevant its a great distraction. (Fatima, 2013).If we look towards the physical, mental and social aspects of a human being throughout his/her journey of existence for development and growth, establish of music is very far reaching. Music lowers blood pressure and improves subject matter rate variability to reduce stress, depression, worry, muscle tension, pain and sudden baby death (Trappe, 2012). A brief pause between two musical comedy notes stimulates neural activity which sharpens cognition and memory and strong beats brings alertness when these beats synchronize with action potential. (Fatima, 2013).It decreases pre-surgery anxiety to the same extent as medications do. Association towards music changes with different stages of life. The most enjoyed music in maturity improves mood, motivates for socialization and boosts energy. It has been observed that hearing is the last sense that remains for some seconds even when other body parts cease to work, therefore, music is a beautiful source of rejoice for continuingally ill or destruction patients in their end times (Trappe, 2012). It is also presumed that music runs in families most of the time it is inherited, but it can be learned as well. (Henley, 2012). at that place are manifold types of music that precipitates behavior. Classical music is the most just in treating patients with variant diseases. Popular music increases motivation and mood. Meditative music is for spiritual upliftment and relaxation. Hip hop and rap music is less impelling than Jazz music which is more pleasing to human senses. Latin-American music heightens positive mood, motivation and keeps active. Folk music adds to augment intelligence, protection and confidence. (Trappe, 2012). dark music is the root of expression in dismay patients. (Bodner at el, 2007).During my clinical rotation in one of the Psychiatric and replenishment centers in Karachi, I, along with my other colleagues, arranged a musical therapy for patients with me ntal illness. In collaboration with the patients, they played different instruments and sang songs of their interests. Most of the patients sung depressed and displease songs as they were away from their homes. In consequence we concluded that music wedged their interaction, expression of feelings and helped us understand patients intrapsyche with the type of song they select to sing. Accordingly we concluded to select that strategy which could help them to recover fast.Looking towards the historical background of music therapy, amsar, (2009) seconds Tyson (1981) that after World contend II, musicians went to the military hospitals to apply music as a therapy and this lead to the foot of music as a profession.One of the expressive therapies is music therapy that intends to disposition free extemporization for a therapeutic change in patients through patient-therapist interactions. It is a technique of self-projection and free association to have connection with stirred memories ( Erkkil et al, 2011).It aids to achieve individual ambitions in assistance with a licence professional. (American Music Therapy association, 2007). It is a nonverbal and verbal processing along with physical act (e.g. playing instruments) for expressing feelings by provoking unconscious psyche of an individual. (Erkkil et al, 2011 Malchiodi 2005). The internal of musical session includes composing, playing musical instruments and enjoying it fully (Fatima, 2013). It brings an insight in psychopathologies. (Erkkil et al, 2011). Research confirms that it treats Parkinsons disease by improving motor skills and horny issues (Trappe, 2012). It reduces stress hormone (cortisol) in depressed adolescence. (Field at el, 1998). Similarly insane symptoms also improve after 10 therapy sessions for short term whereas long term effect should be further researched. (Gold, 2007, Pavlicevic et al, 1994 You et al, 2002). Music has remarkably trim down patients negative thoughts and reduced isol ation. It has no side effects and less d other(a)-won therefore should be extensively used. (Tang at el, 1994 Ulrich, 2007).Group music therapy transmutes annoyances and anger into cleverness and enables self-expressions. (Montello at el, 1998). It helps in treating physical handicaps and drug abuse (Fatima, 2013). amsar (2009) seconds Gold et al 2009 that music improves communication in Autism.Types of music therapies which help to modify human behavior include Background Music Therapy, Contemplative Music Therapy, unite Music Therapy, Executive Music Therapy, Executive Iatromusic Therapy, and Creative Music Therapy. (amsar, 2009).According to Fatima (2013), clinical Psychologist Qudsia Mehmood states that Pakistani population lacks the awareness about the significance of music therapy. Fatima (2013) cited Mr. Sohail Khan as he had established Music therapy center in Karachi, Pakistan and has widely worked on The Prism Project, A Multi-Dimensional Approach to Music in Education .He states that he is the first music therapist in Pakistan and his aspiration is to establish such institutions where he can train psychologists related to how efficaciously they can use music therapy for the betterment of Pakistani society. (Fatima, 2013).It is unpredictable to suck in that the music chosen by the therapist is pleasing to the patient or not. Malchiodi (2005) seconds Feder (1998) that music therapy is given after assessing individual preferences and past experiences as, right type of music can alleviate and wrong type of music can aggravate the symptoms. Also, to take an account of music therapy into regular therapy programs for rapid recuperation (amsar, 2009). A role of therapist is to use music with reflective exercise. (Erkkil et al, 2011). closedownThe field of music is indispensable yet unexplored in psychiatry and Psychotherapy. Music has a therapeutic power to heal many chronic patients, including those suffering from mental illness. My experience wor king with these patients at the Psychiatric and Rehabilitation Center, Karachi, states that there is a very close relationship of music with human behavior. There is a need to introduce music in nursing education, to enhance understanding of these professional care takers to help patients improve positive behavior. Also there is a need to include it as firstly priority in other educational institutions in our country, from the time of early childhood development till the education continues, because the behavior formed in the early childhood is crucial for future adult life.REFERENCESHans-Joachim Trappe, H.J.T., (2012). Music and medicine The effects of music on the human being. Applied Cardiopulmonary Pathophysiology. 16, pp.133-142Philip Dorrell. (30th April 2006). What is music? Retrieved from http//whatismusic.info/articles/TheQuestionWhatIsMusic.htmlIrving A. Taylor and Frances Paperte, (Dec., 1958). Current Theory and Research in the Effects of Music on Human Behavior. The j ournal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. Vol. 17, No. 2, pp.251-258 Published by Wiley Article Stable URL http//www.jstor.org/stable/427527Jaakko Erkkil, J.K., Marko Punkanen, M.P., Jrg Fachner, J.F., Esa Ala-Ruona, E.A.R., Inga Pnti, I.P., Mari Tervaniemi, M.T., Mauno Vanhala M.V., Christian Gold C.G., (2011). Individual music therapy for depression randomized controlled trial. The British ledger of Psychiatry. 199, pp.132-139Gold, C , (2007). Music therapy improves symptoms in adults hospitalized with schizophrenia. Evidence-Based Mental Health. . 10 (3), pp.77Gold, C., Heldal, T. O., Dahle, T., Wigram, T., (2005). Music therapy for schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like illnesses. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews,. 3Pavlicevic, M., Trevarthen, C., Duncan, J. (1994). Improvisational music therapy and the rehabilitation of persons suffering from chronic schizophrenia. diary of Music Therapy, 31(2), 86104.Silverman, M. J, (2003). The influence of music on the symptoms of ps ychosis A meta-analysis. Journal of Music Therapy. 40 (1), pp.27-40Tang, W., Yao, X., Zheng, Z., (1994). ). Rehabilitative effect of music therapy for residual schizophrenia A one-month randomized controlled trial in Shanghai. . British Journal of Psychiatry. 165 (24), pp.38-44Thaut, M. H, (1989). The influence of music therapy interventions on self-rated changes in relaxation, affect, and thought in psychiatric prisoner-patients. Journal of Music Therapy. (26), pp.155-166Ulrich, G., Houtmans, T., Gold C. , (2007). The additional therapeutic effect of group music therapy for schizophrenic patients a randomized study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 166 (5)You, Z. Y., Wang, J. Z, (2002). Meta-analysis of assisted music therapy for chronic schizophrenia. of Evidence-Based Medicine, Shandong University China. 24 (6), pp.564567Field, T., Martinez, A., Nawrocki, T., Pickens, J., Fox, N. A., Schanberg, S. , (1998). Music shifts frontal EEG in depressed adolescents. Adolescence. 33 (1 29), pp.109116.Montello, L. M., Coons, E. E., (1998). Effect of active versus passive group music therapy on preadolescents with emotional, learning, and behavioral inconvenience oneselfs. Journal of Music Therapy. 35, pp.49-67Bodner, E., Iancu, J., Gilboa, A., Sarel, A., Mazor, A., Amir, D., (2007). Finding words for emotions The reactions of patients with major depressive disorder towards various musical excerpts. Arts in Psychotherapy. 34 (2)Leardi, S., Pietroletti, R., Angeloni, G., Necozione, S., Ranalletta, G., Del Gusto B. , (2007). randomized clinical trial examining the effect of music therapy in stress response to day surgery. British Journal of Surgery. 94 (8)Pellitier, C. L. (2004). The effect of music on decreasing arousal due to stress A meta-analysis. Journal of Music Therapy, 42, 192-214.Silverman, M.J., (2006). Psychiatric patients perception of music therapy and other psycho educational programming. Journal of Music Therapy. 43 (2)Weber, S. (1996). The effects of relaxation exercises on anxiety levels in psychiatric inpatients. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 14(3), 196205.Darren Henley, D.H., (2012). The importance of music A depicted object plan for music education. foremost ed. England.Cathy. A. Malchiodi, C.A.M., (2005). History, Theory, and Practice. In Cathy A. Malchiodi (Ed), Expressive Therapies. 1st Ed. in the raw York Guilford Publications. Pp.1-15.David Butler, D.B., (01 October 1982). Music Theory, Theories of Music, and Systematic Musicology. Journal of the collage music society. 22, pp.1-15, Retrieved from http//symposium.music.org/index.php?option=com_k2view=itemid=1933music-theory-theories-of-music-and-systematic-musicologyItemid=124Bushra Fatima, B.F., 1st December, 2013. Health Music Therapy What is it and How to get it in? Blush, retrieved from http//blush.com.pk/music-therapy-in-pakistanDr. Ula M. amsar, U.M.C., (17 June, 2009). Music therapy in psychiatry. surgical incision of psychiatry, Cleveland clinic.Jerome Kaga n, J.K., (3rd July 2013). Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from http//www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/275332/human-behaviourShankar Vedantam, S.V. (January 22, 2007). Science Music, Memory and Human Behavior. Retrieved from http//www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/ banter/2007/01/18/DI2007011801190.htmlChristina m. Trahin, C.M.T. Dr. Marilyn ryan-advisor, M.R.A., (December 2011). Effects of group music therapy on psychiatric patients Depression, anxiety and relationships, pp.1-55Ruth Parrott, R.P., (July 2009). The Importance of Music in Different Religions, pp.1-81Jaden Ganser, J.G. Fareen Huda, F.H., (2010). Musics Effect on Mood and Helping Behavior. Journal of Undergraduate Research, 13, pp.1-51 Page

A Comprehensive Study of the Satellite Radio Industry: :: essays research papers

INTRODUCTIONWould people be leave behinding to pay $12.50/calendar month for commercial free radio beamed right to their car or home. well up two companies and many big investors ar betting about $3 billion dollars that people are willing to do just that. In 1997, the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) granted a portion of the S-band spectrum for beam radio and two companies purchased use of these bands and started the only two companies competing in the artificial air radio business today, namely Sirius and XM. Analysts like William Kidd of CE Unterberg Towpin, predict air radio will generate about $10 billion a year in revenues by 2007 (McClean, 2001). However, to date neither of these companies has earned a dime. According to industry analyst though, its not whether satellite radio will take off-rather its a matter of how fast. (Helyar, 2004). Despite lofty predictions, satellite radio has some big issues to overcome before it becomes a honorable threat to the $19.6 b illion per year terrestrial radio industry.The article that appeared in Fortune entitled Radios Stern Challenge by John Helyar discusses Sirius market placeing strategy to not only take market share from the entrenched and free terrestrial radio industry tho also to beat its only competitor, XM. The Fortune article presents how a alter and lazy radio industry has failed to react to an eroding listening beastly and an increasing number of competing technologies. Issues like lack of attention to programming, no on-air talent, and an profit of 166% in the time devoted to commercials have driven listeners away from radio. Teens vulcanized 12-17 spend 11% slight time listening to radio compared to louvre years ago and adults 18-24 spend 13% less time compared to louver years ago (Helyar, 2004). The article further discusses that terrestrial radio has a good deal to fear from competing technologies like satellite radio, streaming digital radio on the Internet, and Apples iPod. W hat terrestrial radio does have in its advance is that its free compared to any of the current competing technologies like satellite radio. However, satellite radio is banking on a commercial free format to dislocate listeners away from terrestrial radio. Sirius offers 65 commercial free channels of medicinal drug and 55 news, sports and talk stations. And the one thing that satellite has over its less lofty competitor is that you cant loose the signal as you drive across America. The two major competitors for the satellite radio listeners are Sirius and XM.

Internet Piracy :: essays research papers fc

He doesnt wear a stocking sham over his face, and he doesnt break a window to get into your ho theatrical role. He doesnt hold a gun to your head, nor does he ransack your personal possessions. middling the same hes a thief. Although this thief is one youll not only neer see,but you may not even realize right away that hes robbed you. The thief is a computer hacker and he "enters" your home via your computer, accessing personal training -- such as creed card numbers which he could then use without your knowledge at least until you get that next credit card statement. RichardBernes, supervisor of the FBIs Hi-Techsquad in San Jose, California, calls the earnings "the unbarred window in cyberspace by which thieves crawl" (Erickson 1). There seems to be an unlimited potential for theft of credit card numbers, shore statements and some other financial and personal information transmitted over the Internet.     Its hard to recall that anyo ne in todays technologically oriented world could function without computers. Personal computers are linked to business computers and financial networks, and all are linked in concert via the Internet or other networks. More than a hundred billion electronic messages travel through cyberspace every day, and every fraction of information stored in a computer is vulnerable to attack (Icove-Seger-VonStorch 1). Yesterdays bank robbers have become todays computer hackers. They can walk away from a computer crime with millions of virtual dollars (in the form of information they can use or sell for an enormous profit). Walking away is precisely what they do. The home(a) Computer Crimes Squad estimates that 85-97 % of the time, theft of information from computers is not even discover (Icove-Seger-VonStorch 1). Home computer users are vulnerable, not only for credit card information and login IDs, but also their files, disks, and other computer equipment and data, which are instance to attack. Even if this information is not confidential, having to reconstruct what has been destroyed by a hacker can take days (Icove-Seger-VonStorch 1). William Cheswick, a network-security specialist at AT&T Bell Labs, says the home computers that use the Internet are singularly vulnerable to attack. "The Internet is like a overleap with a screen door on the back," says Cheswick. "I dont need jackhammers and share bombs to get in when I can walk in through the door" (Quittner 44). The use of the Internet has become one of the most fashionable ways to communicate.

Interpretations of Slavery Essay -- Slavery Essays

Interpretations of SlaveryINTRODUCTIONSlavery is known to turn in existed as early as the 18th century B.C. during the Shang Dynasty of China. Slavery was wide practiced in umpteen other countries, including, Korea, India, Greece, Mexico and Africa. (Britannica 288-89). When most people pass on slaveholding, however, they think of Western slavery in North America because it is come up documented and it was such a horrible cornerstone. Even though in that respect is no one definition of slavery, the people who study it (historians, anthropologists and sociologists) agree that authentic characteristics are present in all forms of slavery. Slaves were property and objects, not subjects of the law. Slaves had few rights, always fewer than their owners. Slave were also limited to few amic sufficient activities and were not allowed to participate in political decisions. Finally, any earnings aquired by slaves by law belonged to their master. Also, slaves were prevented from making their own choices regarding physical reproduction. Western slavery took each of these slave characteristics to a new level and as a result there are many authors who wrote about the evil institution of slavery in the Colonies. American literature is full of authors who describe, condone or oppose slavery, the most informative and influential of whom were Black writers because many were able to give a personal perspective on slavery. These Black writers had to battle to be accepted as literary writers before they could get their contentedness across. The tradition of black writing in the United States is, in many ways, a history of attempts at literary liberation from racism-attempts to articulate in a specifically black context the characteristic American themes of granting immunity and self-determ... ...d by Henry Louis Gates, Jr., Penguin crowd Publishing, New York, 1987. Costanzo, Angelo. Surprizing account, Olaudah Equiano and the Beginnings of the Black Autobiography, New York Greenwood Press, 1987.Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Edited by Henry Louis Gates, Jr., Penguin Group Publishing, New York, 1987.Equiano, Olaudah. The provoke Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano or Gustavus Vassa, the African, Edited by Henry Louis Gates, Jr., Penguin Group Publishing, New York, 1987.Hughes, Langston, Milton Meltzon. A Pictorial History of the Negro and America, New York Crown, 1968.ONeale Sondra. Olaudah Equiano, lexicon of Literary Biography, American Writers of the Early Republic, ed. Emory Elliot. Vol 37. Princeton Bruccoli, Clark and Layman Book, 1985. Slavery. The New Encyclopedia Britannica. 1995 ed.

Compare Contrast Two Persuasive Arguments Essay -- Comparison Between

oppose Contrast Two Persuasive ArgumentsShould legendary coach Bobby cavalry been dismissed from the University of Indiana? Does the punishment fit the crime? The two articles The ennoble Who sentiment He Was King, and dub Fall try to answer these two polemical questions. Each of these articles present the debated issue in their own distinct ways. knight Fall is written in a way that the endorser actually doesnt know what align the author is choosing, that is until the last few sentences. On the other hand, the other article is really distinct, and the reader knows for a fact, near from reading the first few sentences, that the author is not what you call a Bobby gymnastic horse fan. Both of these articles use the three rhetoric appeals to help dribble their audience. He also thought -indeed, no thought to the contrary seems ever so to have made its way into his head- that he was larger than the university itselfhe gestural the papers placed before him and then blithel y violated the very agreement he supposedly had accepted, obviously on the assumption that the insurance simply did not apply to a god such as him. (Yardley.) Well if this isnt straightforward enough for one to understand, then the reader has problems. This is how Yardley uses intrinsic ethos. He is an author for the Washington Post, in the style section, and indite about sports. One who is reading this article is not expecting a singular well-informed sports article. Throughout the article he uses a sophisticated language and strong, powerful words to grasp the attention of his audience. This article doesnt scarcely give the reader much leeway in choosing a side there is not one good thing about Bobby Knight in this article.Throughout this editorial, the author really tries to soak up to your emotions. He uses poignance to try to persuade the reader into not liking Bobby Knight. He screamed at referees, berated and belittled members of his own team, heaved chairs.(Yardley) He is trying to make you dislike Knight, for the things that he has done in the past. He is making Knight to be this flagitious individual, who tries to hurt and inflict pain on others. He also states how Knight violated policies, save because they didnt apply to him. All of this is mentioned just to get the reader to think yea, Im glad he was fired, he was a confused menace to society, who should have been fi... ...be a coach today. Knight Fall also uses cause and consequence. It brings up the point that if Harvey (the student) didnt survey forward and complain about Knights abuse, then Knight probably would still be coaching. But that incident was only the leading of the iceberg. Knight had done so many things before that, and in the article, each incident is brought up, and questioned whether if Knight had not done that, if he still would be coaching. Of course all of this means nothing its all as well late. Its just the two different perspectives.Well these two articles arent too hard to compare. One uses such vulgarity, that it makes such an impact on the reader, that the reader has no choice but to believe what the author is tattle you. The other, a very informative and thorough article, lets the reader read, and learn, before choosing a side. Reading this will help you understand the situation, from both points of view, and then only to see the authors point of view in the last paragraph of the consummate article. In the other article, Yardley doesnt waste any time in stating his opinion, opening his article with disgust for Knight. These are two perfect articles to compare.